¿Cómo comprar electricidad en el mercado mayorista?

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Acceder a la electricidad a precio de mercado, sin intermediarios, puede suponer un ahorro significativo para muchas empresas industriales. Pero operar en el mercado mayorista no es simplemente cuestión de precio: implica entender su funcionamiento, sus actores y los requisitos técnicos y económicos asociados. 

¿Qué es el mercado mayorista de la electricidad?

El mercado mayorista eléctrico es el espacio en el que se negocia la compraventa de electricidad entre los generadores y los compradores (comercializadoras y consumidores directos). En España, este mercado está gestionado principalmente por el Operador del Mercado Ibérico de Energía (OMIE), en el que se determina el precio de la electricidad cada día mediante un sistema marginalista basado en la oferta y la demanda.

¿Cómo funciona el mercado eléctrico mayorista?

Cada día, los generadores ofertan la energía que producirán para el día siguiente y los compradores presentan sus demandas. El sistema casa esas ofertas y demandas hora a hora, estableciendo un precio marginal para cada franja horaria. Este precio se convierte en la referencia para las transacciones del día siguiente. Además del mercado diario, existen mercados intradiarios y de balance que permiten ajustar desvíos y optimizar costes en función del consumo real.

Asesoramiento en compra directa de energía

¿Quiénes son los participantes del mercado eléctrico mayorista?

Generadores de electricidad

Diagrama de la compra directa de energía eléctrica

Productores de energía que ofrecen su generación en el mercado. Incluyen centrales térmicas, hidráulicas, renovables y nucleares.

Comercializadoras

Intermediarios que compran energía en el mercado para revenderla a consumidores. Añaden márgenes comerciales y ofrecen precios fijos o indexados.

Distribuidores

Empresas responsables del transporte de la electricidad desde la red de transporte hasta los puntos de consumo. No participan en la compraventa de energía.

Operador del sistema (Red Eléctrica de España)

Coordina el sistema eléctrico para garantizar que la generación y la demanda estén equilibradas en todo momento. También gestiona el acceso y conexión a la red.

Operador del mercado (OMIE)

Organiza y gestiona el mercado diario e intradiario de electricidad. Su plataforma es la que fija los precios horarios en base a la casación de oferta y demanda.

Consumidores

Pueden participar en el mercado mayorista a través de comercializadoras o como consumidores directos, si cumplen ciertos requisitos técnicos y administrativos.

¿Cómo comprar electricidad en el mercado mayorista en España?

Para comprar electricidad en el mercado mayorista como consumidor directo, una empresa debe registrarse como agente en OMIE, cumplir ciertos volúmenes mínimos de consumo (normalmente a partir de 3 GWh/año) y disponer de representación técnica y capacidad operativa.

La alternativa a contratar con una comercializadora es operar directamente en OMIE y, si se desea, también en XBID y otros mercados intradiarios. Este modelo elimina intermediarios y permite acceder al precio real de la electricidad. Desde Enerjoin, gestionamos este proceso mediante nuestro servicio de compra directa de energía, acompañando a las empresas en todo el ciclo: alta como consumidor directo, estrategia de compra, coberturas, liquidaciones y seguimiento.

Asesoramiento en compra directa de energía

¿Cómo se fijan los precios en el mercado mayorista de la electricidad?

El precio se determina según un sistema marginalista: la tecnología más cara que entra para cubrir la demanda fija el precio para todas las tecnologías. Por eso, aunque gran parte de la energía sea renovable y barata, si es necesario acudir a ciclos combinados (gas), el precio marginal será elevado.

Este modelo ha generado debate, especialmente en contextos de precios altos, pero sigue vigente y define los precios que pagan comercializadoras y consumidores directos. Además, estos precios pueden cubrirse parcialmente con estrategias en mercados de futuros o derivados.

¿Por qué comprar electricidad en el mercado mayorista y qué ventajas tiene?

Comprar energía en el mercado mayorista permite a las empresas acceder al coste real de la misma, eliminando márgenes comerciales de las comercializadoras. Las principales ventajas incluyen:

  • Ahorro directo: Al comprar sin intermediarios, se reduce el precio final del kWh.

  • Transparencia total: El precio viene dado por el mercado y las liquidaciones se hacen a través de OMIE y REE, sin componentes ocultos.

  • Optimización operativa: Se puede adaptar la compra a la curva real de consumo y operar en mercados intradiarios y de ajuste.

  • Flexibilidad estratégica: Permite combinar con coberturas financieras y con autoconsumo, como parte de una estrategia energética integral.

  • Independencia energética: La empresa gana control sobre sus decisiones de contratación, sin depender de condiciones de comercializadoras.

Este modelo requiere capacidad técnica y seguimiento constante. Por ello, contar con una gestoría energética especializada es clave para garantizar buenos resultados y evitar desviaciones. En Enerjoin actuamos como asesoría energética externa para empresas, integrándonos como su propio departamento energético.

Si tu empresa consume grandes volúmenes de electricidad y estás valorando operar directamente en el mercado mayorista, en Enerjoin te ayudamos a evaluar la viabilidad, gestionar el alta como consumidor directo y diseñar una estrategia personalizada de compra de energía.

Contacta con nuestro equipo técnico y descubre cómo transformar tu consumo eléctrico en una ventaja competitiva real.

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